/TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (i)Tj This poten)Tj (-)Tj (ion, z)Tj 34.993 0 Td (ions in contact with the )Tj ( )Tj (called TISAB \()Tj (-)Tj 0.505 0 Td (based on the potential which develops across a single)Tj (Acetic acid \(pK)Tj ( )Tj (th)Tj ( )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ( )Tj )Tj (and anions like: F)Tj The experiment is also done in a total ionic strength adjustment buffer because the activity of varieswith ionic strength. (2+)Tj (The development of ion)Tj ( )Tj (a)Tj ( )Tj (Table: Composition of TISAB)Tj (ion. 0 -1.14 TD ( )Tj ( )Tj 24.526 0 Td (= concentration of the i)Tj Ionic strength, )Tj T* ��u&�i��"�T �30n�` l�� endstream endobj 42 0 obj<>stream 3 0 Td ( )Tj 23.031 0 Td -25.213 -1.16 Td 3 0 Td 7.92 0 0 7.92 382.4375 523.2 Tm ( = [NaCl]. 3 0 Td 7.92 0 0 7.92 90 79.92 Tm ( )Tj T* 3 0 Td (+)Tj 1. /C2_0 1 Tf 9 0 Td T* Remove the egg. ( )Tj (Sodium acetate)Tj )Tj 1.6 0 Td ( )Tj (standard and sample )Tj ( )Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 201.9609 261.12 Tm (, Cl)Tj (The abov)Tj ( )Tj 10.4 0 Td A concept )Tj x�b```"&�Y� ��ea�hP�f���������A8p�+GG�GT�����?Hs17X�� ��.N� qE��#�`Y.��Y@��� �g endstream endobj 17 0 obj<> endobj 18 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 19 0 obj<>stream ( )Tj Ion Selective Electrode Determination Of Fluoride In Toothpaste Samples ISE Determination of Fluoride Content in Various Substances CHM 222 – A 4 / 20 / 2007 Introduction: The ion selective electrode used was made up of a silver / silver chloride reference electrode and a glass electrode. 5.374 0 Td <0001>Tj 2. (b)Tj (, Ca)Tj 0000056819 00000 n (de complexes. (+)Tj (Some citrate ion is added to complex preferentially with metal ions such\ as iron and )Tj Add 10 mL of 1F KCl and about 40 mL of water to the beaker. "M����s�$%~ܝ�l�α���Az �) �%�����IꃧC� @`H B l�Xj�"@}űDeE��l2 �¬AH�u�|��ͬ�~ �s�"K�e�5l����O�'�xk�K��:�F��l:w/���K��cfscW��2˷Q�nL����M�M�acS�Lj�'�vJ�a�c��q~������K6(5�Q���q�?s� ."����(ڽ*�Z��U]���;���u�l�����x5H7�~qA���ْ��'��7�ҵ$����@�P�J�C���%]z�QJ?Z�^W��2��]��8ƺ��_U{�.���T=���HV�oY?�|���Q.�v? 12 0 0 12 243.1777 635.04 Tm 3 0 Td /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 483.4395 648.96 Tm (-)Tj (In practical operation, a high ionic strength medium is necessary so tha\ t fluoride ion )Tj -7.709 -1.155 Td (adjusting the conditions of fluoride analysis. 0 -1.16 TD )Tj (Where c)Tj 3 0 Td 0000004974 00000 n 7.92 0 0 7.92 196.3184 240.48 Tm (is the charge of the i)Tj 3 0 Td 12 0 0 12 383.6113 607.44 Tm Analysis of Fluoride in Toothpaste The toothpaste sample should be prepared and analyzed at the same time the standards and your prepared unknown. z�K�k0�0R'����+ǙU7���\�!Ll�^�\�U�'W�����nn���R��ZA���Ƭ� ]y$�'�4DA�9a.r�ץ�)g~6�Gb%�����/�Z��P&��ё�"��Uh�0ϻqN28����ڻ�ǯ�H�T�Js�����,�ŻP���{1E|��o�K*t��6�M1W�p_Ū��I;b���X�͌�y���$X:�F�N9-w��9~�x�72ze����tPa*�� ( )Tj (2+)Tj /TT0 1 Tf Fluoride Experiment This experiment simulates the protection power of fluoride. ( )Tj (-)Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj (, CN)Tj (ill be employed. endstream endobj 21 0 obj<>stream %PDF-1.4 %���� A typical composition )Tj (Cu)Tj 3 0 Td 0 -1.16 TD 0000050630 00000 n 0 -1.16 TD 7.92 0 0 7.92 130.3008 509.52 Tm 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 247.5898 516.48 Tm (the differences in ionic )Tj 12 0 0 12 223.8398 635.04 Tm (\) has been introduced precisely for )Tj 0000001901 00000 n (Sodium chloride)Tj 0000036862 00000 n 0000002291 00000 n (-)Tj [(s)1(e)1(l)2(e)1(c)1(t)2(i)2(ve)1( de)1(t)2(e)1(r)1(m)-1(i)2(nat)2(i)2(on of)2( f)2(l)2(uor)1(i)2(de)]TJ 0.003 Tc -0.001 Tw 13.92 0 0 13.92 90 706.8 Tm 0 -1.14 TD (closely follows the Nernst Equation:)Tj ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 2.844 0 Td 12 0 0 12 93.5508 102 Tm (a)Tj (z)Tj 9 0 Td (concentrations may be deduced from mea)Tj The composition of TISAB\ is not critical )Tj 12 0 0 12 285.6953 510.96 Tm 0 -1.14 TD ET T* 24.188 0 Td ( )Tj (medium. (solutions containing 1:1 electrolyte, like NaCl, )Tj 0 -1.14 TD More )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3 0 Td In this experiment, the fluoride content of (1) an unknown NaF solution, and (2) toothpaste will be measured by direct current potentiometry with a fluoride ion activity electrode in a high ionic strength medium. 12 0 0 12 132.5234 510.96 Tm (than 20 ions can be determ)Tj (1.75 M)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 459.75 654.48 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 388.6602 524.64 Tm ( = \(1/2\) )Tj (1)Tj (ined by ISE, for example cations such as: Ag)Tj /TT2 1 Tf ( )Tj 3 0 Td (, )Tj (2)Tj H��Vkt�W~޽��Qq��8r! 0000050833 00000 n BT 0000036661 00000 n 7.92 0 0 7.92 221.1758 640.56 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 253.8125 510.96 Tm 0000057283 00000 n -15 -1.14 Td #v3�n%Jy��8%2Z*�.��I��idnC|���� �x ��� ���e��f� Oߦ���p�v\a��#iK���R�H��\�-�x��a�`f� |Ĭ�M��. 0 -1.16 TD 0000000965 00000 n (is given in the Table below. (solutions)Tj (Sodium citrate)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 511.2812 648.96 Tm ( )Tj ( )Tj Let it sit for five minutes. ( )Tj 0.003 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.335 0 Td 12 0 0 12 144.666 221.28 Tm (when the same solution is used )Tj 18.156 0 Td ( )Tj (The optimum pH range for the fluoride electrode is at pH 5. (membrane. (e equation is valid for dilute solutions and for solutions whose ionic s\ trength is )Tj hޔX�n�H}�W���������,�x��L�` ��$m�e��"�$eE����O�SM��(��&DEdթ�:�x���������z��L��r"$s���B��q����]����9�J&[$�8�d��d*X�d.�-�$[^k��qk�^�E'�G����W�#+����7�4k��7��/�y�3���Y�T׺\�\զ���2��I�lq1e���߀j.��}��Wѱ��Ƃ€G-"G�\���Ί �"����(�TW�������[�o��)��. So before the toothpaste researchers even got started on trying to make and test a toothpaste containing fluoride, they were building on a mountain of research on fluoride in water reducing tooth decay. ( )Tj (. -35.107 -1.16 Td x�b```e``6d`a`�Qg`@ f���Ɇڛ΁�[gr{500� �q ���ɬH�X�! ( )Tj (direct current potentiometry with a fluoride ion activity electrode in a\ high ionic strength )Tj -3 -1.14 Td (i)Tj trailer <<51E38CE40994442EB980404A6DAE6B29>]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 42 0 obj <>stream ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 464.2617 648.96 Tm 7.92 0 0 7.92 140.666 226.8 Tm 0000000736 00000 n What You’ll Need: 1 Bottle of Fluoride Rinse Solution 2 Eggs 1 Bottle of White Vinegar 3 Containers -24.526 -1.14 Td ( c)Tj (This potential is measured against a convenient reference electrode and \ )Tj f ( )Tj ( )Tj 0000001046 00000 n (E = E\260 + \(0.059 volts/n\) log[ion] where n = ionic charge. @|�W��?OW�:N7��� -��pS�5�z�,Y���V�KZ�MZѩ�E�J+GI%��:��]e%Ҽž�wZa�@��?�9|��8.��Il��Z&�W˪�A��%i�QH�)����~���XT��E��q�O�Y�Ȣ�e�v�Q���.0v}�C�N�|�?���i�>U���,n��5��s�q������w$n4ό��M���S�� c�K̖r�._��l�Ǝ���ٵ�ą��g�u�ٜ0�3��ɑ���r����n���hO.�4�O���p+�/p�&闌.�4���V���v!���X�~x������vn��Oc�� �ΤA���ꈮwWS\�ᴦc4 �).�|��°�4*��05l9�`2�dٮ��!���/g6�h3 �����O OJ)� endstream endobj 20 0 obj<>stream ( )Tj (tial is proportional to the activity of F)Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 386.33 516.48 Tm 16 0 obj <> endobj 28 0 obj<]/Info 15 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/W[1 3 1]/Index[16 27]/DecodeParms<>/Size 43/Prev 104746/Type/XRef>>stream (. 0.281 0.879 Td BT /C2_0 1 Tf ( )Tj 'D�C%��q'n�V"AB\�-�*+q)K�Y���D�p�CQ3 3����VX���0ƨeΞ'��5��̏��]{����~{��g?�7k��٨���H��+���+@6��=��l�� �щ9���A ��&'o�����p(Y���p*$��c ���r���wٵ�͟5�f���'�M�ˬ�? )Tj ( )Tj (surement of fluoride ion activities. -14.876 -1.14 Td 0 -1.16 TD /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (b)Tj 12 0 0 12 439.7578 648.96 Tm (2)Tj 90 118.56 144 0.481 re -15 -1.16 Td 7.92 0 0 7.92 90 107.52 Tm ( )Tj (+)Tj 12 0 0 12 205.5117 262.56 Tm (Procedure:)Tj 12 0 0 12 374.1113 524.64 Tm (i)Tj (=4.75\))Tj ( )Tj <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 283.4727 509.52 Tm (the concentration of ions of choice using selectively sensitive electrod\ e membranes. -24.888 -1.14 Td -0.156 -1.16 Td (. T* 3 0 Td (0.001 M)Tj What you'll need: 1 bottle of fluoride rinse 2 eggs 1 bottle of white vinegar 3 containers What to do: Pour four inches of fluoride rinse solution into one of the containers and then place an egg in the solution. (-)Tj 0000005362 00000 n (-)Tj 3 0 Td 0000056868 00000 n 3 0 Td ( )Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (aluminum to ensure that the fluoride ion is displaced into the solution \ as \223free\224 fluoride)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 371.8887 523.2 Tm 0 -1.16 TD -0.296 -1.14 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf ET (strength between the )Tj (a)Tj %PDF-1.5 %���� <0001>Tj (pH)Tj /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn (Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer)Tj -29.031 -1.16 Td TISAB also minimizes the influence )Tj T* (5.0 )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.374 0 Td ��ŏ�}sj���sM��g�̷��L�9�f~����5�忠 ��������kV��Y��;�D-�F����x�P ��h��� ��F4E34G�W�D8��@+�����Z4b�mgql����|�H@GtBgtAWtCw$�z�%�B��2z#��" }����>����������~��DĬ`�p�z � s�����~�=��dsUWe�W5 ��Z|�Hߓ8� 12 0 0 12 199.8691 234.96 Tm 7.92 0 0 7.92 265.8477 640.56 Tm 21.664 0 Td (for standardization and unknowns. 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 392.5527 510.96 Tm /C2_0 1 Tf (, K)Tj -24.468 -1.14 Td ( )Tj 0000004851 00000 n This is first estimated form the calibtration graph and then calculated using the Nernstequation. 12 0 0 12 203.8379 635.04 Tm 0 -1.16 TD ( )Tj ( )Tj 0 -1.16 TD 12 0 0 12 90 676.56 Tm -15 -1.14 Td (kept constant. 12 0 Td 3 0 Td (-)Tj (fluori)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 435.2461 654.48 Tm (selective electrodes \(ISE\) makes possible the determination of )Tj (membrane. )Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj x�bbd```b``*�� ��D����Ad?�mDr�IF�y`�|�.? -15 -1.14 Td (-)Tj (-)Tj 0000001320 00000 n ��`2�Xi& �b&gu ��_ �>f endstream endobj 22 0 obj <> endobj 23 0 obj <> endobj 24 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 25 0 obj <> endobj 26 0 obj <> endobj 27 0 obj [/CalRGB<>] endobj 28 0 obj <> endobj 29 0 obj <>stream 0000057066 00000 n (i)Tj ( )Tj In practical operation, a high ionic strength medium is necessary so that fluoride ion

fluoride in toothpaste experiment

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fluoride in toothpaste experiment 2020