[161], Destruction of the newspaper provoked a strident call to arms from Thomas C. Sharp, editor of the Warsaw Signal and longtime critic of Smith. A fifty-foot monument rises up in the Vermont countryside today, just a few steps from the original site of the roughly 800-square-foot farmhouse where Joseph Smith Jr. was born. By the time of his death, 14 years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religion that continues to the present with millions of global adherents. [117] Smith was immediately brought before a military court, accused of treason, and sentenced to be executed the next morning; Alexander Doniphan, who was Smith's former attorney and a brigadier general in the Missouri militia, refused to carry out the order. He was one of 11 children. [172] Smith was buried in Nauvoo, and is interred there at the Smith Family Cemetery. [225] Sometimes, Smith concealed the process by raising a curtain or dictating from another room, while at other times he dictated in full view of witnesses while the plates lay covered on the table. As president of the Ladies' Relief Society, Emma authorized publishing a certificate in the same year denouncing polygamy, and denying her husband as its creator or participant. [173], After his death, non-Mormon newspapers were almost unanimous in portraying Smith as a religious fanatic. [115] On October 30, a party of Missourians surprised and killed seventeen Mormons in the Haun's Mill massacre. [215] There, they are divided into two factions: Nephites and Lamanites. Young Joseph was able to stay overnight with his father in prison on several occasions. [275], By the mid-1830s, Smith began teaching a hierarchy of three priesthoods—the Melchizedek, the Aaronic, and the Patriarchal. [269], Smith's teachings were rooted in dispensational restorationism. "[228] Smith had assumed a role as prophet, seer, and apostle of Jesus Christ, and by early 1831, he was introducing himself as "Joseph the Prophet". Smith said the Council had authority to decide which national or state laws Mormons should obey. In 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. He supported capital punishment but opposed hanging, preferring execution by firing squad or beheading. [35], Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship, due in part to the death of Smith's oldest brother Alvin, who had assumed a leadership role in the family. They had 12 children, including 2 adopted children. [87], After the Camp returned, Smith drew heavily from its participants to establish five governing bodies in the church, all originally of equal authority to check one another. [24] With other family members, Smith also engaged in religious folk magic, which was a relatively common practice in that time and place. [141] Zion also became less a refuge from an impending tribulation than a great building project. Some were temporal, while others were spiritual or doctrinal. [214] They eventually construct a ship and sail to a "promised land" in the Western Hemisphere. [279] The endowment was extended to women in 1843, though Smith never clarified whether women could be ordained to priesthood offices. Joseph B. Smith was born in 1826. Because his family could not afford the luxury of public education, Joseph received only three years of … [138] The endowment resembled rites of freemasonry that Smith had observed two months earlier when he had been initiated "at sight" into the Nauvoo Masonic lodge. [122] Though he directed his followers to collect and publish their stories of persecution, he also urged them to moderate their antagonism toward non-Mormons. [166] Once the Smiths were in custody, the charges were increased to treason, preventing them from posting bail. During this period, Smith briefly attended Methodist meetings with his wife, until a cousin of hers objected to inclusion of a "practicing necromancer" on the Methodist class roll. For at least some of the earliest dictation, Smith is said to have used the "Urim and Thummim", a pair of seer stones he said were buried with the plates. [227], Although the Book of Mormon drew many converts to the church, Fawn Brodie argued that the "book lives today because of the prophet, not he because of the book. [119] [263] By the end of his life, Smith was teaching that both God the Father and Jesus were distinct beings with physical bodies, but the Holy Spirit was a "personage of Spirit". [56] They worked full time on the manuscript between April and early June 1829, and then moved to Fayette, New York, where they continued to work at the home of Cowdery's friend, Peter Whitmer. [132] The charter also authorized the Nauvoo Legion, an autonomous militia whose actions were limited only by state and federal constitutions. [195] Many members of these smaller groups, including most of Smith's family, eventually coalesced in 1860 under the leadership of Joseph Smith III and formed what was known for more than a century as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now the Community of Christ), which now has about 250,000 members. Rigdon said that "if the salt have lost its savor, wherewith shall it be salted? [58] Dictation was completed about July 1, 1829.[59]. Current statistics published by the LDS Church show 16.1 million members of that denomination. The Joseph Smith Birthplace, located in Sharon, Vermont, is a historic site and a memorial to Joseph Smith Jr., the founding prophet of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. [86] Nevertheless, Zion's Camp transformed Mormon leadership, and many future church leaders came from among the participants. [234], The Book of Moses begins with Moses' asking God about the purpose of creation. The book ends with Moroni's exhortation to "come unto Christ". In retaliation, Bennett left Smith's following and wrote "lurid exposés of life in Nauvoo". [50] Anthon denied Harris's account of the meeting, claiming instead that he had tried to convince Harris that he was the victim of a fraud. During the next two-and-a-half years he married or was sealed to about 30 additional women,[296] ten of whom were already married to other men. [101] In Missouri, the church also took the name "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints", and construction began on a new temple. Harris also took a sample of the characters to a few prominent scholars, including Charles Anthon. [175], Smith attracted thousands of devoted followers before his death in 1844, and millions in the century that followed. [129] Bennett used his connections in the Illinois legislature to obtain an unusually liberal charter for the new city, which Smith renamed "Nauvoo" (Hebrew נָאווּ, meaning "to be beautiful"). [95] After a month, however, he returned to Kirtland empty-handed. [259] Nevertheless, spirits could not experience a "fullness of joy" unless joined with corporeal bodies, according to Smith. [116], The following day, the Latter Day Saints surrendered to 2,500 state troops and agreed to forfeit their property and leave the state. [96], In January 1837, Smith and other church leaders created a joint stock company, called the Kirtland Safety Society Anti-Banking Company, to act as a quasi-bank; the company issued bank notes capitalized in part by real estate. The book also provides an enlarged account of the Genesis creation narrative and expands the story of Enoch, the ancestor of Noah. [89] In March 1836, at the temple's dedication, many participants in the endowment reported seeing visions of angels, speaking in tongues, and prophesying. Certain he would be killed if he ever returned to Missouri, Smith went into hiding twice during the next five months, before the U.S. district attorney for Illinois argued that Smith's extradition to Missouri would be unconstitutional. [142] In the summer of 1842, Smith revealed a plan to establish the millennial Kingdom of God, which would eventually establish theocratic rule over the whole Earth. Smith, however, never viewed the wording to be infallible. Instead of presenting his ideas with logical arguments, Smith dictated authoritative scripture-like "revelations" and let people decide whether to believe. During the first half of the 20th century, some writers suggested that Smith might have suffered from epileptic seizures or from psychological disorders such as paranoid delusions or manic-depressive illness that might explain his visions and revelations.

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