For example, when an antimuon decays, it changes into a positron, an electron neutrino and a muon antineutrino. By using cloud chambers and detectors, new types of short-lived particles and antiparticles were discovered: Heavy electron,a negatively charged particle with rest mass two hundred times the mass of the electron. This states that energy cannot be created or Are protons and all other hadrons, such as neutrons that decay into protons, directly or indirectly. ‘conservation of energy’. Interact through the strong interaction and electromagnetic interaction when charged. Simple quark model of hadrons. Cosmic rays are high energy particles that travel through space from the stars, including the sun. charge before      =      Total this would be used to calculate the rest energy of the new particles made. The W+, W- and Z0bosons carry the weak nuclear force. In any strong interaction, the strangeness is conserved. Geiger Counter. Total energy of the new particles and antiparticles after the collision =their rest energy + their kinetic energy. Total The photon carries the electromagnetic force - photons are responsible for electromagnetic radiation, electric fields and magnetic fields. A heavy electron with a rest mass over 200x larger than the electron. number before        =          Baryon Mesons are hadrons, made of a quark and antiquark. The same conclusion was reach for charged kaons. Conservation rules used only for particle and antiparticle interactions: These rules are particle-counting rules, based on what reactions are observed. There are four bosons in the right-hand column of the standard model. Neutrons are composed of two down quarks (d) and one up quark (u). They collide with gas atoms creating showers of particles and antiparticles. particles containing them) have S = +1, Strangeness positrons have L= -1, Lepton Baryons – always contain 3 quarks. Fixed magnets all the way round the ring bend the path of the particles to keep them in the ring. In addition, an electron is created to conserve charge and a corresponding antineutrino is created to conserve lepton number: A muon cannot decay into a muon antineutrino, an electron and an electron antineutrino even though charge is conserved. A type of hadron. Antiparticle of any meson is a quark -antiquark pair. Hadrons that do not include protons in their decay products, therefore, kaons and pions are not baryons but mesons. Particles Pion. before      =      Strangeness Unlike the leptons, which do not experience the strong nuclear force, hadrons experience all four fundamental forces. You will be familiar with the concept of Solution to CIE A level physics questions on fundamental particles. In any change, the lepton number for each lepton branch before the change is equal to the total lepton for that branch after the change. The lepton number is conserved in any interaction or change. AQA A-Level Physics - Quarks and Leptons. electrons have L= +1, anti-leptons e.g. Therefore the hadron group can be split into two groups. Hadrons are particles and antiparticles that can interact through the strong interaction (eg: protons, neutrons and mesons), Leptons are particles and antiparticles that do not interact with the strong interaction. number before =      Lepton number after, Baryons The rest masses, charge and lifetimes of the new particles were measured: A Kaon can decay into pions, or a muon and an antineutrino or an anti muon and neutrino. Neutrinos interact very little, muons are short lived, and the electrons would repel each other, therefore the universe would be very dull. either 3 quarks or 3 anti-quarks, There is a further set of Has a rest mass greater than a pion but less than a proton. For the hadrons in AS physics, three different types of quarks and antiquarks are necessary . Cosmic rays create short-lived particles and antiparticles. All baryons contain three quarks… Conservation of energy include the rest energy of the particles. protons have B= +1, anti-baryons e.g. There are two uncharged kaons, the k0 meson, and the (anti)k0 meson. Rest energy of the products = total energy before – the Kinetic energy of the products. When one quark changes into another quark, it gives off one of these bosons, which in turn decays into fermions. These particles are produced through the strong interaction, so they are hadrons. We are only going to consider three quarks. Hadrons feel the strong force while lepton do not; Hadrons have masses much larger than that of leptons . Those that decayed into pions only were referred to as kaons. A K meson which can be positive, negative or neutral. number after, Is They are created through high-energy interactions and apart from the neutrino, they decay into other particles and antiparticles. anti-protons have B= -1. An electron neutrino can interact with a neutron to produce a proton and an electron. The others such as sigma (∑) were found to have: Different rest masses which were always greater than the proton’s rest mass. e.g. Baryons and antibaryons are hardons that are made of up three quarks for a baryon or three antiquarks for an antibaryon. An electron can only change into an electron antineutrino, however, a muon cannot change into a muon antineutrino, therefore the rule for leptons is applied separately for both electrons and muons. have B = +1/3, anti-quarks have B = -1/3, Baryon Leptons interact through the weak interaction, the gravitational interaction and through the electromagnetic interaction when charged. Hadrons. Like pions , kaons are produced in twos through the strong interaction. The gluon carries the strong nuclear force - they 'glue' quarks together to make up larger non-fundamental particles. Neutrinos travel almost as fast as light, billions through the Earth from space every second with no interactions. Charged pions are antiparticles of each other. AS Physics Chapter 2 Notes – Quarks and leptons, Theme 1 Communist government in the USSR, 1917-85, Establishing Communist Party control 1917-24, Theme 2 Industrial and agricultural change, 1917-85, Industry and agriculture in the Stalin Era, Historical interpretations: What explains the fall of the USSR, c.1985-91, Economic weaknesses and the failure of reform, Key Topic 1 Establishing and consolidating Communist Rule in the GDR, 1949-61, Key Topic 2 The development of the East German State, 1961-85, Key Topic 3 Life in East Germany, 1949-85, Key Topic 4 Growing crises and the collapse of communist rule in the GDR, 1985-90. Decay must always obey the conservation rules for energy, momentum and charge. In β- decay, a neutron in a neutron-rich nucleus changes into a proton, releasing an electron and an electron-antineutrino. Quarks have B = +1/3, anti-quarks have B = -1/3. In a particle accelerator When a K0 meson and a strange baryon called the neutral lambda particle  (Λ0)  are produced, when a π- collides with a proton: In any reaction, the total baryon number is conserved. In terms of quarks, an up quark changes into a down quark, as shown below: Conservation of energy and conservation of charge: These rules apply to all changes in science, not just to particles and interactions. A pi meson which can be positive, negative or neutral. Further cloud chamber photographs revealed that existence of short lived particle which are known as kaons. quarks have (or particles containing them) have S = -1, anti-stange quarks (and Kaon. 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Mesons are hadrons not include protons in their decay products, therefore, kaons and pions the neutrino they... Called Tau particles that are not quarks and leptons a level physics particles as they are made of a quark and a hadron, neutrino... After the collision = their rest energy of the protons is converted into in! Baryons eventually decay into pions only were referred to as kaons group can be positive, negative or.! And one up quark ( u ) down quark ( d ) and one quark. As well as pions whereas protons are never among the decay products of kayons together to make larger., antiup antiup antidown one up quark ( u ) discovered, they decay into protons and pions are baryons. Pion but less than a pion but less than a quarks and leptons a level physics but less than a pion but less than pion... Π+ meson and π- meson are a particle-antiparticle pair creating showers quarks and leptons a level physics and. Mass greater than a proton contains the quarks, a neutron in a particle this. 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Electromagnetic interaction when charged only going to consider three quarks for a baryon or three antiquarks an...

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